# Traffic control

Security groups filter each instance's traffic and network ACLs filter traffic crossing a subnet's boundary. Learn where each one applies.

Two kinds of rules decide which traffic reaches your instances. Security groups are stateful firewalls on each network interface and apply to every packet the instance sends or receives. Network ACLs are stateless rule lists on each subnet, and apply to every packet that crosses the subnet’s boundary. Use security groups as your main control, and network ACLs as an extra layer between subnets and toward the internet.

The following table shows which rules apply on each path.

| Traffic | Security groups | Network ACL |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Between instances in the same subnet | Yes | No, never |
| Between subnets of a VPC | Yes | Egress rules of the source subnet and ingress rules of the destination subnet |
| From a subnet to the internet | Yes | Egress rules of the subnet |
| From the internet to a subnet | Yes | Ingress rules of the subnet |

Whether two instances run on the same machine makes no difference, and the rules are the same in a VPC with or without an Internet Gateway. In a VPC without an Internet Gateway, instances in different subnets can’t reach each other at all; see [VPCs and subnets](/docs/network/vpcs).

## Key concepts [#key-concepts]

| Concept | Meaning |
| --- | --- |
| Security group | A stateful set of ingress and egress rules on a network interface. Anything not allowed is denied, and replies to allowed connections pass automatically. See [Security groups](/docs/network/traffic-control/security-groups). |
| Network ACL | A stateless, ordered list of allow and deny rules for a subnet. See [Network ACLs](/docs/network/traffic-control/network-acls), including exactly where they’re enforced. |
| Whole-set replacement | Rule and server lists are always replaced as a whole, and every command makes you state the complete new state. See [Rule sets are replaced as a whole](/docs/network/traffic-control/replace-rule-sets). |

## What you can do [#what-you-can-do]

- [Change a security group’s rules](/docs/network/traffic-control/security-groups#change-a-security-groups-rules)
- [Create and assign a network ACL](/docs/network/traffic-control/network-acls#create-and-assign-a-network-acl)

## Limits and quotas [#limits-and-quotas]

See [Limits](/docs/platform/reference/limits).

## Related [#related]

- [Internet access](/docs/network/internet-access)
- [Network interfaces](/docs/network/vpcs/network-interfaces)
- [origin network commands](/docs/network/reference/cli)